A Guide to Harvard Referencing
Harvard Referencing (In-text Citation)
Harvard Reference (Reference List)
For Complete Guides
- 📘 [E-Book] Cite Them Right : the essential referencing guide by Richard Pears, Graham Shieldsby Cite Them Right is the leading guide to referencing using the Harvard Style and avoiding plagiarism - covering everything from understanding plagiarism and identifying sources to setting out quotations and creating a reference list. Comprehensive and accessible, the fully revised and updated 12th edition (2022) includes new reference examples for TikTok, blog posts, Zoom and Teams, recorded lectures and online seminars.
- 🌐 Guide to the Harvard System of Referencing by Anglia Ruskin University This guide was compiled by ARU for their students with reference to a number of British Standards. This is the 5th edition.
The requirements of Harvard citation may vary slightly depending on the guideline that is being used. Always confirm the correct Harvard citation format with your lecturer beforehand. Most importantly, please ensure the chosen format is used throughout the entire assignment.
Harvard Style
When referring to a source or document in the body of your report/paper, indicate the author's surname and year of publication.
Refer to these Guides for more examples of how to cite in the Harvard Style.
One Author
| Details to provide |
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| Examples |
Liu (2004) believes that the definition of a team is diverse and multi-faceted. |
Multiple Authors / Sources
| Details to provide |
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2 or 3 authors |
Jarvinen and Karjaluoto (2015) illustrated how Web analytics can be incorporated into digital marketing activities of businesses. or or [Note: '&' is used to link the authors' names within the brackets, but not when they appear as part of the sentence] |
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Barry, et al. (2014) cited examples of how underaged children were exposed to messages related to alcohol marketing via YouTube. or Underaged children were exposed to messages related to alcohol marketing via YouTube (Barry, et al.,2014). [Note: "et al." represents the rest of the authors] |
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There are new techniques to utilizing direct and digital marketing (Ryan, 2014; Reed, 2015). |
Anonymous / No author
| Examples |
When a work’s author is designated as “Anonymous", treat this as the author's name and cite in text using Anonymous, followed by year of publication: (Anonymous, 2016). |
Asian & Non-typical Western Authors
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Chinese names |
Authors: Sunny T.H. Goh and Khoo Kheng-Hor The main purpose of an advertisement is to win sales, not awards (Goh & Khoo, 2003). |
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Malay names |
Author: Rindra Mohktar bin Ramli Rindra Mohktar (2002) found that the most common and popular electronic information resource was the Internet. |
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Indian names |
Author: Hiru Bijlani Hiru (1999) recommends providing training programmes for managers who do not have experience in the global marketplace. |
| Author: G. Sivalingam There are many competing and conflicting theories of what determines the price or value of a stock (Sivalingam, 1990). |
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Sikh names |
Author: Ranjit Singh Singh (1990) also describes group strategies as a set of individual strategies. However, the joint plans discussed in this paper include actions and plans performed by other agents or teams with appropriate synchronization. |
| Western names |
Authors: Huub Ruël and Harry van der Kaap |
Material Published By An Organisation or Company
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Examples |
According to the World Health Organisation (2014), half of the world's population is at risk of contracting Malaria. |
| It was shown that there were 207 million estimated cases of Malaria in 2012 (World Health Organisation, 2014). |
Quotation
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A short quotation should be included in the body of the text in quotation marks, and the page number given. |
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He observed that the definition of a team is "many and complex" (Liu, 2004, p. 47). |
| If it is longer than a line, the whole quotation should be indented. | |
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Example |
The following is an observation from a famous author:
Creativity is not a mystical talent that some people have and others can only envy. Lateral thinking is the type of creative thinking that can be learned, practiced, and used by everyone. Some people will be better at it than others, as with any skill. (De Bono, 1992, p. 310) |
| Web documents usually do not have fixed page numbers. For documents without pagination, alternatives such as number of lines, paragraphs or screens etc. may be used e.g. (l. 65), (para. 2) or (screen 4). | |
Illustrations / Tables / Charts / Pictures
Illustrations / Tables / Figures
When referring to data from a table or chart, include the author and page number to enable the reader to verify the data.
Example
In the latest set of findings resulted in the 2014 Comprehensive Labour Force Survey, non-seasonally adjusted resident unemployment rate was reported to have risen to 3.9% from 3.7% in 2013 (Singapore Ministry of Manpower, 2014, p. 33). The breakdown of the resident unemployment rate by age and highest qualification attained have been included in Table 1.
*Note: If the source of data is not the author's own, but from another source, it is cited as a second hand reference. If the entire illustration, table, chart or picture is to be reproduced in your report, you can place the citation as a footnote.
Table
| Table 1: Resident unemployment rate by age and highest qualification attained,2013 and 2014 (June) (Non-seasonally adjusted) | ||
| Highest Qualification Attained | 2013 | 2014 |
| Below Secondary | 3.5 | 3.9 |
| Secondary | 3.8 | 4.0 |
| Post Secondary | 3.9 | 4.0 |
| Diploma & Professional Qualification | 3.6 | 3.9 |
| Degree | 3.6 | 3.9 |
| Total | 3.7 | 3.9 |
(Singapore Ministry of Manpower, p.33).
Chart
Figure 1: Singapore labour force in 2004, 2009 and 2014. Indicates number and percent of annualised change in residents and non-residents (Singapore Ministry of Manpower, 2014).
Picture
Figure 1: One of the growth strategies highlighted by the Urban Redevelopment Agency (Urban Redevelopment Agency, 2015).
| Table | Chart | Picture |
| - Labeled as 'Tables' | - Labeled as 'Figures' | - Labeled as 'Figures' |
| - Contain textual/ numerical data | - Contain graphic information | -Figures are photographs/ images |
| - Title is above the data | - Title is below the graph | - Title is below the image |
| - Titles should explain the table, indicate statistical information and provide citation information | - Title should describe the graph, with a legend explaining the symbols in the figure and provide citation information | - Titles should explain the image and provide citation information |
Websites
| Include the name of the author or organisation responsible for the website and the date of website's creation or last revision. | |
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Example |
SPRING Singapore is the agency under the governance of the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI) which oversees consumber goods safety in Singapore as well as the development of internationally-recognised standards and quality assurance (Spring Singapore, 3 February 2015). |
| You can also include web addresses directly in your text. Be careful not to create any misinterpretation of any sentence punctuation taken as part of the punctuation in the website addresses. To avoid that, enclose the web addresses with arrow brackets. | |
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Example |
Health Sciences Authority's web site ‹https://www.hsa.gov.sg/› provides information on health products regulation. |
Generative AI / ChatGPT
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Check with your lecturer if Generative AI/ChatGPT is permitted for the assignment before using. There are no specific guidelines for citing Generative AI or ChatGPT in Harvard style, below is a suggestion. |
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Example |
"IMDA is a Singaporean statutory board under the Ministry of Communications and Information responsible for developing and promoting the infocomm and media sectors to drive growth, competitiveness, and innovation." (Open AI's ChatGPT, 3 April 2023). |
Mobile App
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Include name of developer, seller or rights holder and publication year (or last updated date) Relevant details for the application should be available from the app store where it was purchased, eg iTunes App Store. |
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Details to provide |
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| Sample screenshots taken from App Store |
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| Example | World-renowned news organisation, Reuters, have introduced new functions in its mobile app "Reuters News" to allow users to access breaking-news on the go (Thomson Reuters, 2024). | |
Lecture Notes
| The title of the lecture notes may be a descriptive rather than "formal" title, but just the following would suffice for in-text citation. | |
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Example |
Lim (2015) elaborated on examples where a company should choose the market that it can serve most profitably. |
| If the lecture notes were obtained from Blackboard/ online, you should also include the URL and date of access. | |
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Example |
Lim, M. (2015). Marketing: An Introduction, lecture notes distributed in BA0357: Fundamentals of Marketing at Singapore Polytechnic on 5 January 2015. Available at: https://esp.sp.edu.sg (Accessed 5 June 2015). |
Using Ibid. and Op. cit.
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You may have come across Latin abbreviations ibid. and op. cit. What do they mean? Ibid. This refers to 'in the same source and is used for making consecutive references to the same source. |
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Example |
Brands possess the ability to cross borders, and bind people and cultures (Clifton, et al., 2003, p. 4) and are so powerful (ibid., p. 5). In 2002, the brand value of Coca-Cola was $69.6 billion (ibid., p. 29). |
| Op. cit. This is used if you refer again to the same source but have referenced other sources in between. | |
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Example |
The strongest brands are able to forge personal identity (Clifton, et al., 2003, p. 4) where Apple's Mac users feel emotionally connected to the brand and fellow users (Kompella, et al., 2014, p. 62). This is an example of brand commitment, where consumers feel develop a relationship and long-term emotional attachment to the brand (Clifton, et al., op. cit., p. 99). |
Refer to these Guides for more examples of how to cite in the Harvard Style.