Citation Guide: Harvard End-of-text Referencing

• Books
• Article within a book
• Illustration from a book (including tables, charts, graphs, figures, etc.)
• Publication from a government or private organisation
• Journal articles
• Newspaper / Magazine articles
• Conferences
• Theses / Dissertations
• Standards
• Patents
• Research reports
• Statutes and subsidiary legislation
• Law reports

• Films / Videos / DVDs / VCDs
• TV programmes
• CD-ROMs
• Music / Sound recordings
• Interviews / Transcripts
• Lectures
• Presentation slides
• Student practical or laboratory manual

• E-Books
• Articles from e-journals / databases
• Online Newspaper / Magazine articles
• Internet resources (Websites, online media, etc.)
• Generative AI / ChatGPT
• Blogs
• Mobile app

• Author/Editor(s)
• Year of publication
• Book title (in italics)
• Edition (if not the first)
• Place of publication
• Publisher

One author
Liu, A., 2014. The laws of cool: knowledge work and the culture of information. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Two authors
Peter, J. P. and Donnelly, J. H., 2015. A preface to marketing management. 14th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 

Three authors
Stern, L. W., Palmatier, R. W., and Ansary, A. I., 2015. Marketing channel strategy. 8th ed. Boston: Pearson.

Four or more authors
Nie. W, et al., 2022. The future of global retail : learning from China’s retail revolution. New York: Routledge.

If book is edited, rather than authored
Koh, T. T. B., Seah, S. and Chang, L. L., ed., 2017. 50 years of ASEAN and Singapore. Singapore: World Scientific.

Anon., 2022. Maximum Windows 11 security. Indianapolis, Indiana: Sams.

Authors/Editors: Tan, Kevin YL. Thio, Li-Ann.

Tan, K. Y. L., and Thio, L. A., 2015. Singapore : 50 constitutional moments that defined a nation. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd.

Authors: Muhamad bin Zakaria and Mustafa Ali Mohd

Muhamad bin Zakaria and Mustafa Ali Mohd, 1994. Traditional Malay medicinal plants. Kuala Lumpur: Fajar Bakti.

Authors: Anamika Banerji, Laxmi Ananthanarayan, Smita S. Lele

Banerji, A., Ananthanarayan, L., and Lele, S. S., 2020. The science and technology of chapatti and other Indian flatbreads [online]. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Available from: https://doi-org.sp.remotexs.co/10.1201/9781003018131 [Accessed: 25 March 2024].

Sivalingam, G., 2015. Competition policy in the ASEAN countries. Singapore: Thomson Learning.

Singh, A., 2017. Mac OS X internals: a systems approach. New Jersey: Addison-Wesley.

Details to provide

• Author(s) of the article/chapter
• Year of publication
• Article/chapter title (with single quotation marks)
• Editor(s) of book
• Book title (in italics)
• Place of publication
• Publisher
• Article/chapter pages

Dahl, S., 2015. 'Social marketing in China, Taiwan, Japan and South Korea' in: Nguyen, B., Rowley, C., ed., Ethical and Social Marketing in Asia. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 117-130.

* If the author(s) of the book & chapter/article are the same:

DeNardis, L., 2017. 'Cybersecurity Governance' in: The Global War for Internet Governance [Online]. New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 86–106.

Details to provide

• Author/Editor(s) of book
• Year of publication
• Book title (in italics)
• Edition (if not the first)
• Place of publication
• Publisher
• Page(s)
• Illus. / table / chart / graph / fig. etc.

Details to provide

• Name of organisation
• Year of publication
• Title of publication (in italics)
• Place of publication
• Publisher

Example(s)

Euromonitor, 2014. Consumer Asia Pacific and Australasia. London: Euromonitor.

or

Singapore Department of Statistics, 2014. Yearbook of Statistics Singapore. Singapore: Ministry of Trade & Industry.

or

Singapore Ministry of Education, 2024. Address by Mr Chan Chun Sing, Minister, Ministry of Education at the Adult Learning Xchange 2024, at Raffles City Convention Centre. Singapore: Ministry of Education [online]. Available from: https://www.moe.gov.sg/news/speeches/20240119-address-by-mr-chan-chun-sing-minister-ministry-of-education-at-the-adult-learning-xchange-2024-at-raffles-city-convention-centre [Accessed: 12 June 2024].

Details to provide

• Author(s)
• Year of publication
• Article title (with single quotation marks)
• Journal title (in italics)
• Volume
• Issue (if available)
• Pages

Example(s)

Sacks, G., et al., 2015. 'Comparison of food industry policies and commitments on marketing to children and product (re)formulation in Australia, New Zealand and Fiji'. Critical Public Health, 25(3), pp. 299-319.

or

Tan, D., 2023. ‘Copyright in the Age of Disruption’, Singapore Journal of Legal Studies, pp. 226-231.

Details to provide

• Author(s)
• Year of publication
• Article title (with single quotation marks)
• Newspaper/magazine title (in italics)
• Date & month of News Article (not applicable to Magazine Articles]
• Issue information (for magazines: include volume (unbracketed), part number, month or season (in round brackets))
• Pages/Section
• URL or database title (if accessed online)
• Accessed date (if accessed online)

Example(s)
(Print Editions)

Newspaper article
Sivanithy, R., 2015. 'Index loses grip on early gains'. The Business Times, 5 June, pp. 10: Companies & Markets.

or

Koh, T., 2023. 'To protect our health, protect our planet'. The Straits Times, 22 April, pp. B2.

Magazine article
Kamenetz, A., 2024. 'Yes, remote learning can work for preschoolers'. MIT Technology Review, 127(2), pp. 56-61.

or

Crossan, R., 2024. 'Ships that pass in the night'. Reader's Digest (February), pp. 90-97.

Online news article
Tham, D., 2024. 'IN FOCUS: A 'right to disconnect' from work - do Singapore employees even want such a law?' CNA [online], 9 March. Available from: https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/right-disconnect-work-life-balance-harmony-jobs-careers-4178131 [Accessed: 12 March 2024].

or

Karekar, R., 2015. 'DBS gets nod to set up branches in Australia'. The Straits Times [online], 4 June. Available from: Factiva [Accessed: 6 June 2015].

Online magazine article
Ellison, J., 2015. 'The First Step'. Climbing [online], 335, pp. 36-37. Available from: ProQuest [Accessed: 6 June 2015].

or

Anon., 2023. 'Why Asia’s super-app companies are stuck in a rut'. The Economist [online]. Available from: https://www.economist.com/business/2023/06/29/why-asias-super-app-companies-are-stuck-in-a-rut [Accessed: 2 April 2024].

Details to provide

• Author(s) of paper
• Year of publication
• Title of paper (with single quotation marks)
• Editor(s) of conference proceedings (if known)
• Conference title (in italics)
• Location (if available)
• Date of conference
• Place of publication
• Publisher
• Pages

Baker, E., 2015. 'Information Management for Map-Based Visualizations of Robot Teams'. In: Adams, J. and Smart, W., ed. Proceedings of the Tenth Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, 2-5 March 2015. New York: Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 205-206.

or

Weller, M., et al., 2020. 'Lost and Found: Stopping Bluetooth Finders from Leaking Private Information'. In: 13th ACM Conference on Security and Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks (WiSec ’20), 8-10 July, 2020, Linz (Virtual Event), Austria. New York: Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 184-194. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1145/3395351.3399422 [Accessed: 2 April 2024].

or

Rožanec, J., M., et al., 2022. 'Bicycle sharing systems meet AI: Forecasting bicycles availability and decision-making'. In: 33rd Central European Conference on Information and Intelligent Systems, 21-23 September 2022, Dubrovnik, Croatia. Varazdin, Coratia: Faculty of Organization and Informatics Varazdin, pp. 365-370. Available from: ProQuest [Accessed: 2 April 2024].

• Author
• Year of publication
• Thesis/dissertation title (in italics)
• Type of document (e.g. Ph.D. thesis, degree dissertation)
• Awarding institution

• Organisation
• Year of publication
• Standard number and year
• Title of standard (in italics)
• Place of publication (if known)
• Publisher

Details to provide

• Originator/Applicant
• Year of publication
• Patent title (in italics)
• Country / Region Patent Number (e.g. United States Patent No. XXXXXXX)
• URL
• Accessed date

Example(s)

Aziz, A., 1997. Method and apparatus for a key management scheme for Internet protocols. United States Patent No. 5633933. Available from: https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/ [Accessed: 25 March 2024].

or

Tang, W., 2023. GPT model optimization method and device. Chinese Patent No. 116629385. Available from: https://patentscope.wipo.int/ [Accessed: 25 March 2024].

Details to provide

• Author(s)
• Year of publication
• Report title (in italics)
• Research Report No. (if available)
• Place of publication (if known)
• Publisher

Details to provide

• Country/state name
• Title (in italics)
• Year of publication (If already included in the title, then no need to repeat)
• Section/sub-section/Rule/Regulation number, if applicable
• URL
• Accessed date

Most Statutes/Legislation can be viewed online, thus do include the URL of the website which provided the statute/legislation as well as the date of access.

For legal documents issued by the European Union (or its related organisations), please include references to the Official Journal of the European Union, the issue number and page numbers.

Singapore. Companies Act 1967, s 403(1). Available from: https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CoA1967 [Accessed 25 March 2024].

or

Singapore. Personal Data Protection Regulations 2021, Part 3, r. 10(1). Available from: https://sso.agc.gov.sg/SL/PDPA2012-S63-2021 [Accessed: 25 March 2024].

or

Singapore. Merchant Shipping (Staff Transfer) Rules, 1992. Available from: https://sso.agc.gov.sg/SL/MSA1995-R5 [Accessed: 25 March 2024].

or

European Union. Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation), Official Journal of the European Union, L 119, pp. 1-88. Available from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj [Accessed: 3 April 2024].

or

Association of Southeast Asian Nations. ASEAN Convention on Counter Terrorism, 2007, Art. IV, para. (1)(a). Available from: https://docs.asean.org/ [Accessed: 3 April 2024].

Details to provide

• Case title (in italics)
• Year of report
• Volume number
• Abbreviation of the law report series (i.e. "Singapore Law Reports" may be written as "SLR")
• Page(s)

Lee Hin Realty Pte Ltd v Lee Tah Wee David [1995] 2 SLR(R) 553.

Gay Choon Ing v Loh Sze Ti Terence Peter and another appeal [2009] 2 SLR(R) 332.

Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562. Available from: https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1932/100.html [Accessed: 1 April 2024].

Details to provide

• Film title (in italics)
• Medium/format (e.g. [Film], [DVD], [Blu-ray] etc.)
• Year of publication
• Director (for films)
• Place of publication
• Publisher

Example(s)

Details to provide

• Programme title (in italics)
• Episode number and title (if any)
• Medium [TV]
• Year of broadcast
• Broadcast organisation and channel
• Date and time of broadcast

Details to provide

• Author
• Year of publication
• Title (in italics)
• Format [CD-ROM]
• Place of publication
• Publisher

World Bank, 2007. World Development Indicators [CD-ROM]. Washington D.C.: World Bank.

Nichols, C., 2006. Global illumination: Interiors [CD-ROM]. California: Gnomon Workshop.

Details to provide

• Artist/Speaker(s)
• Year of publication
• Song title (for music recording)(with single quotation marks)
• Album/Record title (in italics)
• Format [CD or Cassette]
• Place of publication
• Publisher

Example(s)

Details to provide

• Interviewee(s)
• Year of interview
• Title of interview (in italics)
• Interviewer(s)
• Date of interview

Details to provide

• Lecturer
• Year of lecture
• Title of lecture (in italics)
• Module/Occasion of lecture
• Date of lecture
• Place of lecture

Example(s)

Sim, M., 2015. Marketing: An introduction. Lecture for module BA0357: Fundamentals of Marketing, 5 January 2015, Singapore Polytechnic.

* If the slides are to be used, note the URL and accessed date for materials uploaded online:

Sim, M., 2015. Marketing: An introduction, lecture notes distributed in BA0357: Fundamentals of Marketing at Singapore Polytechnic on 5 January 2015. Available from: https://esp.sp.edu.sg [Accessed: 5 June 2015].

Details to provide

• Author(s)
• Year of publication
• E-book title (in italics)
• Edition (if not the first)
• Place of publication
• Publisher
• URL or database title (if e-book is located in a database)
• Accessed date

Gödert, W., Hubrich, J. and Nagelschmidt, M., 2014. Semantic Knowledge Representation for Information Retrieval [online]. Berlin: De Gruyter Saur. Available from: EBL [Accessed: 8 June 2015].

Picoult, J., 2014. My Sister’s Keeper. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. Available from: Ebook Central [Accessed: 2 April 2024].

Aggarwal, C. C., 2020. Linear algebra and optimization for machine learning. Cham: Springer Nature. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40344-7 [Accessed: 2 April 2024].

Details to provide

• Author(s)
• Year of publication
• Article title (with single quotation marks)
• Journal/publication title (in italics)
• [Online] or [CD-ROM]
• Date of publication
• Volume
• Issue (if available)
• Pages (if available)
• URL or database title
• Accessed date

Example(s)

Euromonitor International, 2015. 'Eating habits'. Consumer lifestyles in Singapore [online], May 2015. Available from: Passport [Accessed: 6 June 2015].

Mahapatra, S. ‘Impact of ChatGPT on ESL students’ academic writing skills: a mixed methods intervention study’. Smart Learning Environments [online], 11(9). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-024-00295-9 [Accessed: 12 March 2024].

Swaine, R., 2000. 'Flavor chemistry and innovation'. Perfumer & Flavorist [CD-ROM], Nov/Dec, 25, pp. 1-6. Available from: Perfumer & flavorist: 25 years, 1976-2000 [Accessed: 3 June 2002].

Details to provide

• Author/Editor(s)
• Year (if available)
• Title (in italics)
• [online] / [photograph] / etc. (refer below)
• URL
• Accessed date

Example(s)

Chu, F., 2014. Quick Guide - CLS [online]. Available from: https://sp-sg.libguides.com/cls [Accessed: 25 May 2021].

NASA STEM Team, 2024. Advice from NASA Mentors to Students Starting Their Careers [online]. Available from: https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/advice-from-nasa-mentors-to-students-starting-their-careers/ [Accessed: 8 April 2024].

Mannion, P., et al., 2023. Carbon removals: How to scale a new gigaton industry [online]. Available from: https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/sustainability/our-insights/carbon-removals-how-to-scale-a-new-gigaton-industry [Accessed: 8 April 2024].

Infocomm Media Development Authority, 2023. Singapore unveils one of the world’s first in master-planning an expansive digital infrastructure stack to power Singapore’s next bound of growth [online]. Available from: https://www.imda.gov.sg/resources/press-releases-factsheets-and-speeches/press-releases/2023/sg-unveils-one-of-the-worlds-first-in-master-planning-an-expansive-digital-infrastructure-stack [Accessed: 8 April 2024].

World Economic Forum, 2023. The Future of Jobs Report 2023 [online]. Available from: https://www.weforum.org/publications/the-future-of-jobs-report-2023/ [Accessed: 8 April 2024].

If there is no author, the citation will start with the title.

GVU's 10th user survey, 1998 [online]. Available from: https://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/user_surveys/survey-1998-10/reports/1998-10-General.html [Accessed: 10 August 2005].

The Northwest Association for Biomedical Research, 2010. 2010 Student Fellows [photograph]. Available from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/64704683@N04/5916985600 [Accessed: 25 May 2021].

World Economic Forum, 2023. Largest growth vs. largest declining jobs [infographic]. Available from: https://www.weforum.org/publications/the-future-of-jobs-report-2023/infographics-2128e451e0/ [Accessed: 8 April 2024].

CNA, 2024. More children have myopia, diagnosed at younger age: Singapore National Eye Centre [online video]. Available from: https://www.channelnewsasia.com/watch/more-children-have-myopia-diagnosed-younger-age-singapore-national-eye-centre-4249101 [Accessed: 8 April 2024].

World Economic Forum, 2023. Denmark's Corporate Carbon Tax [online video]. Available from: https://www.weforum.org/videos/denmark-proposes-corporate-carbon-tax/ [Accessed: 8 April 2024].

Newsweek, 2023. How to Reduce Your Carbon Footprint [online video]. Available from: https://youtu.be/NQ0Tc4tT5OM?si=BnCCBqdvOomzW2cf [Accessed: 8 April 2024].

* For video episodes that are part of a series, take note to: (i) type the episode's title in italics, (ii) include the title of the series and (iii) include the date and month of that episode.

CNA, 2024. Cyber Scammed - Trojan Horses (China) [online video]. Cyber Scammed. 23 March. Available from: https://www.channelnewsasia.com/watch/cyber-scammed/trojan-horses-china-4214521 [Accessed: 8 April 2024].

* For podcasts, take note to: (i) type the episode's title in italics, (ii) include the title of the podcast series and (iii) include the date and month of that episode.

Huberman, A., 2022. Understand & Improve Memory Using Science-Based Tools [podcast]. Huberman Lab. 22 May. Available from: Spotify [Accessed: 8 April 2024].

Dubner, S. J., and Levitt, S. D., 2019. 389. How to Make Meetings Less Terrible [podcast]. Freakonomics Radio. 19 Sep. Available from: https://podyssey.fm/podcast/itunes354668519/episode4377596-Meetings-Terrible-Freakonomics-Radio [Accessed: 8 April 2024].

* For films, take note to: include the names of the film director(s).

Notre Dame: Race Against The Inferno, 2019 [film]. Directed by: Gardel, F., Kessler, S., and Mahot, J.. Available from: Disney+ [Accessed: 8 April 2024].

Details to provide

• Author(s)
• Date of blog post
• Title of blog post (with single quotation marks)
• Blog name (in italics)
• URL
• Accessed date

Becha, H., et al., 14 May 2020. 'Standardization is Key to Boosting Economies of Scale'. The Maritime Executive. Available from: https://maritime-executive.com/blog/standardization-is-key-to-boosting-economies-of-scale [Accessed: 8 April 2024].

Crabtree, M., 26 May 2023. 'The Future of Data Literacy: A Fundamental Skill Shaping Society'. DataCamp Blog. Available from: https://www.datacamp.com/blog/the-future-of-data-literacy-a-fundamental-skill-shaping-society [Accessed: 8 April 2024].

Details to provide

• Developer
• Year
• Title of app (version number)(in italics)
•  [Mobile app]
• Date accessed

 Relevant details for the application should be available from the app store where it was purchased or downloaded