Citation Guide: Harvard End-of-text Referencing

• Books
• Article within a book
• Illustration from a book (including tables, charts, graphs, figures, etc.)
• Publication from a government or private organisation
• Journal articles
• Newspaper / Magazine articles
• Conferences
• Theses / Dissertations
• Standards
• Patents
• Research reports
• Statutes and subsidiary legislation
• Law reports

• Films / Videos / DVDs / VCDs
• TV programmes
• CD-ROMs
• Music / Sound recordings
• Interviews / Transcripts
• Lectures
• Presentation slides
• Student practical or laboratory manual

• E-Books
• Articles from e-journals / databases
• Internet resources (Websites, online media, etc.)
• Generative AI / ChatGPT
• Blogs
• Emails
• Mobile app

• Author/Editor(s)
• Year of publication
• Book title (in italics)
• Edition (if not the first)
• Place of publication
• Publisher

One or more authors

One author
Liu, A., 2014. The laws of cool: knowledge work and the culture of information. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Two authors
Peter, J. P. and Donnelly, J. H., 2015. A preface to marketing management. 14th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 
Three or more authors
Palamatier, R., et al., 2015. Marketing channel strategy. 8th ed. Boston: Pearson.
If book is edited, rather than authored
Watts, M., ed., 2013. Technology: taking the distance out of learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Anonymous author

No author

Chinese names

Authors/Editors: Tan, Kevin YL. Thio, Li-Ann.

Tan, K. Y. L., and Thio, L.A., 2015. Singapore : 50 constitutional moments that defined a nation. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd.

Malay names

Indian names

Sikh names

Details to provide

• Author(s) of the article/chapter
• Year of publication
• Article/chapter title (with single quotation marks)
• Editor(s) of book
• Book title (in italics)
• Place of publication
• Publisher
• Article/chapter pages

Dahl, S., 2015. 'Social marketing in China, Taiwan, Japan and South Korea' in: Nguyen, B., Rowley, C., ed., Ethical and Social Marketing in Asia. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 117-130.

If the author(s) of the book & chapter/article are the same:
  DeNardis, L., 2017. 'Cybersecurity Governance' in: The Global War for Internet Governance [Online]. New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 86–106.

Details to provide

• Author/Editor(s) of book
• Year of publication
• Book title (in italics)
• Edition (if not the first)
• Place of publication
• Publisher
• Page(s)
• Illus. / table / chart / graph / fig. etc.

Details to provide

• Name of organisation
• Year of publication
• Title of publication (in italics)
• Place of publication
• Publisher

Example

Details to provide

• Author(s)
• Year of publication
• Article title (with single quotation marks)
• Journal title (in italics)
• Volume
• Issue (if available)
• Pages

Example

Sacks, G., et al., 2015. 'Comparison of food industry policies and commitments on marketing to children and product (re)formulation in Australia, New Zealand and Fiji'. Critical Public Health, 25(3), pp. 299-319.

Tan, D., 2023. ‘Copyright in the Age of Disruption’, Singapore Journal of Legal Studies, pp. 226-231.

Details to provide

• Author(s)
• Year of publication
• Article title (with single quotation marks)
• Newspaper/magazine title (in italics)
• Date & month of publication 
• Issue information (for magazines: include volume (unbracketed), part number, month or season (in round brackets))
• Pages/Section
• Accessed date (if accessed online)

Newspaper article
Sivanithy, R., 2015. 'Index loses grip on early gains'. The Business Times, 5 June, pp. 10: Companies & Markets.
Magazine article
Kamenetz, A., 2024. 'Yes, remote learning can work for preschoolers'. MIT Technology Review, 127(2), pp. 56-61.
Online news article
Tham, D., 2024. 'IN FOCUS: A 'right to disconnect' from work - do Singapore employees even want such a law?' CNA [online], 9 March. Available from: https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/right-disconnect-work-life-balance-harmony-jobs-careers-4178131 [Accessed: 12 March 2024].

Details to provide

• Author(s) of paper
• Year of publication
• Title of paper
• Editor(s) of conference proceedings
• Conference title (in italics)
• Location (if available)
• Date of conference
• Place of publication
• Publisher
• Pages

• Author
• Year of publication
• Thesis/dissertation title (in italics)
• Type of document (e.g. Ph.D. thesis, degree dissertation)
• Awarding institution

• Organisation
• Year of publication
• Standard number and year
• Title of standard (in italics)
• Place of publication (if known)
• Publisher

Details to provide

• Originator/Applicant
• Year of publication
• Patent title (in italics)
• Series designation

Example

Details to provide

• Author(s)
• Year of publication
• Report title (in italics)
• Research Report No. (if available)
• Place of publication (if known)
• Publisher

Details to provide

• Country/state name
• Title (in italics)
• Year of publication
• Chapter number
• Regulation number, if available

Details to provide

• Case title (in italics)
• Year of report
• Volume number
• Abbreviation of the law report series
• Pages

Details to provide

• Series title and number (if any)
• Programme title (in italics)
• Medium/format
• Year of publication
• Director (for films)
• Place of publication
• Publisher

Examples

Upside down [Film], 2013. Directed by Juan Diego Solanas. USA: Millennium Entertainment.

Manufacturing Engineering Magazine Video series. Manufacturing insights: Flexible material handling [VHS video], 1998. Dearborn, Michigan: Society of Manufacturing Engineers.

Computer animation extravaganza [DVD], 2000. Chatsworth, California: Odyssey Productions.

Professional Educators of Tennessee, 2014. Effectively using EDMODO in your classroom [online]. [Accessed 6 October 2015]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9XopnawMnZA.

Details to provide

• Programme title (in italics)
• Episode number and title (if any)
• Medium [TV]
• Year of broadcast
• Broadcast organisation and channel
• Date and time of broadcast

Details to provide

• Author
• Year of publication
• Title (in italics)
• Format [CD-ROM]
• Place of publication
• Publisher

Details to provide

• Artist/Speaker(s)
• Year of publication
• Song title (for music recording)
• Album/Record title (in italics)
• Format [CD or Cassette]
• Place of publication
• Publisher

Examples

Details to provide

• Interviewee(s)
• Year of interview
• Title of interview (in italics)
• Interviewer(s)
• Date of interview

Details to provide

• Lecturer
• Year of lecture
• Title of lecture (in italics)
• Module/Occasion of lecture
• Date of lecture
• Place of lecture

Example

Sim, M., 2015. Marketing: An introduction. Lecture for module BA0357: Fundamentals of Marketing, 5 January 2015, Singapore Polytechnic.

If the slides are to be used, note the URL and accessed date for materials uploaded online:

Sim, M. (2015). Marketing: An introduction, lecture notes distributed in BA0357: Fundamentals of Marketing at Singapore Polytechnic on 5 January 2015. Available at: https://esp.sp.edu.sg (Accessed 5 June 2015).

Details to provide

• Author(s)
• Year (if available)
• Title (in italics)
• Type of document (e.g. PowerPoint presentation)
• URL
• Accessed date

Details to provide

• School
• Year of publication
• Student practical or laboratory manual title (in italics)
• Type of document (e.g. practical & tutorial manual)
• Educational institution

Details to provide

• Author(s)
• Year of publication
• E-book title (in italics)
• Edition (if not the first)
• Place of publication
• Publisher
• URL or database title (if e-book is located in a database)
• Accessed date

Details to provide

• Author(s)
• Year of publication
• Article title (with single quotation marks)
• Journal/magazine/newspaper title (in italics)
• [Online] or [CD-ROM]
• Date of publication
• Volume
• Issue (if available)
• Pages (if available)
• URL or database title
• Accessed date

Examples

Ellison, J., 2015. 'The First Step'. Climbing [online], May 2015, 335, 36-37. Available from: ProQuest [Accessed: 6 June 2015].

Karekar, R., 2015. 'DBS gets nod to set up branches in Australia'. The Straits Times [online], 4 June 2015. Available from: Factiva.com [Accessed: 6 June 2015].

Euromonitor International, 2015. 'Eating habits'. Consumer lifestyles in Singapore [online], May 2015. Available from: Passport [Accessed: 6 June 2015].

Swaine, R., 2000. 'Flavor chemistry and innovation'. Perfumer & Flavorist [CD-ROM], Nov/Dec, 25, pp. 1-6. Available from: Perfumer & flavorist: 25 years, 1976-2000 [Accessed: 3 June 2002].
 

Mahapatra, S. ‘Impact of ChatGPT on ESL students’ academic writing skills: a mixed methods intervention study’. Smart Learning Environments, 11(9) [online]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-024-00295-9 [Accessed: 12 March 2024].

Details to provide

• Author/Editor(s)
• Year (if available)
• Title (in italics)
• [online]
• Place of publication (if available)
• Publisher (if available)
• URL
• Accessed date

Examples

One author

No author

Photographs/Images

Online videos/podcasts

Details to provide

• Author
• Title (in italics)
• Website
• URL
• Accessed date

Details to provide

• Author(s)
• Date of blog post
• Title of blog post
• Blog name (in italics)
• URL
• Accessed date

Details to provide

• Sender
• Sender's email address
• Date the email was sent
• Subject of message (in italics)
• Recipient
• Recipient's email address

Details to provide

• Developer
• Year
• Title of app (version number)(in italics)
•  [Mobile app]
• Date accessed

 Relevant details for the application should be available from the app store where it was purchased or downloaded